Animal Reproduction (AR)
https://www.animal-reproduction.org/article/doi/10.1590/1984-3143-AR2025-0106
Animal Reproduction (AR)
ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Hormone residues are not detected in zero water exchange biofloc system during tilapia masculinization even in higher feed input

Dara Cristina Pires; Érika Ramos de Alvarenga; Franklin Fernando Batista da Costa; Kelly Moura Keller; José Fernandes Bezerra Neto; Mariana Parrini Ferreira; Gabriela Lago Biscoto; Isabela Lopes Samary; Karen Beatriz Guerra Lima; Vinícius Monteiro Bezerra; Caroline Lopes de Melo; Lee Deyver Carvalho Pena Mansur; Williane Ferreira Menezes; José Fernando Paz Ramírez; Luiza Fujii Almeida; Daiana dos Reis Pelegrine; Marcelo Rezende Luz; Eduardo Maldonado Turra

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1984-3143-AR2025-0106 Anim Reprod, vol.23, n1, e20250106, 2026
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Abstract

How intensive the masculinization period of Nile tilapia can be in biofloc technology (BFT) based on higher stocking densities and a zero-water exchange protocol to mitigate the environmental impact has not been studied yet and needs investigation. Thus, our objective was to determine the optimal stocking density for reduction of hormonal effluent in BFT, better growth and masculinization rate of Nile tilapia larvae, and lower total variable cost. Five stocking densities (1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, and 7.5 larvae ∙ L-1) with four replicates were tested. Tilapias were fed with 60 mg of 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) ∙ Kg-1 of feed for 28 days, and with hormone-free feed until the common selling body weight of 1g. Water quality variables showed no significant differences between treatments, except for total settleable solids, pH, and final total organic carbon, that had a negative, positive and quadratic linear pattern with the increasing of stocking density, respectively. Growth performance variables such as final body weight, specific growth rate, survival and individual feed intake (and consequently hormone input) were superior at the lower stocking density. Masculinization rate (98.87%) did not differ among treatments, but total variable cost increased to produce 1g fingerlings in higher stocking densities. Hormone residue was not detected in BFT water of any treatment 12 hours after the last feeding so, in conclusion, even being the highest hormone input in the system, 1.5 larvae ∙ L-1 is the best level of stocking density studied for tilapia masculinization in a zero-water exchange BFT.

Keywords

methyltestosterone residues, tilapia sexual inversion, zero water exchange, stocking density, biofloc

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Submitted date:
07/20/2025

Accepted date:
11/27/2025

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